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In this paper, we present a novel two-dimensional (2D) shape context preserving image manipulation approach which constructs and manipulates a 2D mesh with a new differential mesh editing algorithm. We introduce a novel shape cont...
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In this paper, we present a novel two-dimensional (2D) shape context preserving image manipulation approach which constructs and manipulates a 2D mesh with a new differential mesh editing algorithm. We introduce a novel shape context descriptor and integrate it into the deformation framework, facilitating shape-preserving deformation for 2D anatomical illustrations. Our new scheme utilizes an analogy based shape transfer technique in order to learn shape styles from reference images. Experimental results show that visually plausible deformation can be quickly generated from an existing example at interactive frame rates. An experienced artist has evaluated our approach and his feedback is quite encouraging.
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The aim of this study was to develop an examination protocol for magnetic resonance imaging, in order to display diagnostically important information of the canine middle and inner ear. To ensure that this protocol could also be u...
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The aim of this study was to develop an examination protocol for magnetic resonance imaging, in order to display diagnostically important information of the canine middle and inner ear. To ensure that this protocol could also be used as a basis for determining pathological changes, the anatomical structures of the ear were presented in detail. To minimise stress through anaesthesia in live animals, preliminary examinations were carried out on four dog cadavers. During these initial examinations, three-dimensional (3D) sequences proved to be superior to two-dimensional ones. Therefore, only 3D sequences were applied for the main examinations performed on six clinically healthy Beagles. The anonymised MR images were rated by three experienced reviewers using a five-point scale. The most valuable sequence was a T2-weighted CISS sequence (TR = 16.7 ms, TE = 8.08 ms). This sequence proved to be most suitable for illustrating the inner ear structures and enabled good tissue contrasts. The sequence ranked second best was also a T2-weighted DESS sequence (TR = 19 ms, TE = 6 ms), allowing the imaging of the tympanic cavity and enabling 3D reconstruction due to its isotropic voxels. Due to low contrast and strong noise, the other sequences (TSE, FISP, MP RAGE) were not suitable for anatomical illustration of the middle and inner ear.
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In this paper, I examine the procedures used by Andreas Vesalius for conducting public dissections in the early sixteenth century. I point out that in order to overcome the limitations of public anatomical demonstration noted by h...
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In this paper, I examine the procedures used by Andreas Vesalius for conducting public dissections in the early sixteenth century. I point out that in order to overcome the limitations of public anatomical demonstration noted by his predecessors, Vesalius employed several innovative strategies, including the use of animals as dissection subjects, the preparation and display of articulated skeletons, and the use of printed and hand-drawn illustrations. I suggest that the examination of these three strategies for resolving the challenges of public anatomical demonstration helps us to reinterpret Vesalius's contributions to sixteenth-century anatomy.
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The demand for anatomical illustrations in the early modern period coincided with a scientific revolution. Starting out as a servant, Iulius Casserius became a great anatomist, who challenged the Galenic doctrine. The aim of this ...
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The demand for anatomical illustrations in the early modern period coincided with a scientific revolution. Starting out as a servant, Iulius Casserius became a great anatomist, who challenged the Galenic doctrine. The aim of this paper is to honor his memory and recreate the stylism of his anatomical illustrations. Online databases were searched for articles and original works. A medical graphic designer then recreated the figures presented in the article. Casserius was born around 1552. After moving to Padua, he served Fabricius in performing dissections. Obtaining his medical degree, he began working as an anatomical dissector and surgeon, later giving private anatomy lectures to students. He published De Vocis Auditusque and Pentaestheseion, and then became the lecturer of Surgery. In 1616, Casserius started his first Anatomy course and then died suddenly, at the height of his career. From the sixteenth century, illustrative techniques began focusing less upon artistry in favor of precise depictions of anatomical structures. Fabricius is considered to have used a strict scientific approach to illustrations for the first time. Anatomists of subsequent generations would still frequently use artistry in illustrations. Despite Casserius' mixed accuracy and artistry, his plates mark a new epoch in anatomic representation. Casserius left numerous eponyms and depicted, for the first time, many anatomical structures. Reprints in textbooks in the centuries following show convincing evidence of his success. Casserius contributed to medical education by taking the theatricality out of anatomy. Our article is a tribute to Casserius's achievements and depicts the revolution brought forth by a pioneer of his times.
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BACKGROUND: Pernkopf's atlas of Anatomy contains anatomical plates with detailed images of the peripheral nerves. Its use is controversial due to the author's association with the "Third Reich" and the potential depiction of victi...
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BACKGROUND: Pernkopf's atlas of Anatomy contains anatomical plates with detailed images of the peripheral nerves. Its use is controversial due to the author's association with the "Third Reich" and the potential depiction of victims of the Holocaust. The ethical implications of using this atlas for informing surgical planning have not been assessed.
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ABSTRACT: This is a brief historical essay about the 16th century European military surgeon Hans von Gersdorff (approximately 1455 to 1529 in Strasbourg) and his epochal illustrated text, Feldbuch der Wundtartzney (Field Book of S...
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ABSTRACT: This is a brief historical essay about the 16th century European military surgeon Hans von Gersdorff (approximately 1455 to 1529 in Strasbourg) and his epochal illustrated text, Feldbuch der Wundtartzney (Field Book of Surgery), the first manual of traumatology describing the treatment of battle injuries covering topics ranging from human anatomy to pharmacy, as a guide to field surgery, and explaining the use of surgical instruments developed by Gersdorff himself; for the first time in medical history, a precursor to scientific books for practitioners, this manual is a precious source of information, and it is illustrated by hand-colored woodcuts, attributed to distinguished German renaissance artist Hans Wechtlin; this combination of text and pictures made the Feldbuch a point of reference in the process of arriving at modern traumatology.
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Johann Vesling (1598-1649) was a German anatomist and surgeon who belonged to the golden period of the illustrious University of Padua. He made significant contributions to the advancement of anatomical knowledge during the 17th c...
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Johann Vesling (1598-1649) was a German anatomist and surgeon who belonged to the golden period of the illustrious University of Padua. He made significant contributions to the advancement of anatomical knowledge during the 17th century and is remembered most for his remarkable anatomical work, the Syntagma Anatomicum, which was published in 1641. He was the first to describe the soleus muscle and to emphasize its resemblance to the sole fish. He produced the earliest illustrations of the human lymphatic system and was one of the first to document observations about the thoracic duct. He was also the first to report the bifurcation of the human hepatic portal vein on entering the fissure of the liver. His observations from embryological experiments were critical for understanding the development of the four-chambered heart. He was one of the first authors to state that four pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium of the heart. Syntagma Anatomicum (1641) was the most widely used anatomical text in Europe for almost a century and was republished a number of times with editions in Latin, German, Dutch, and English. Syntagma was the first illustrated western anatomical text to reach Japan and laid the foundation for the development of European medicine there. The illustrations used in it deviated from the artistic convention that had characterized anatomical figures from the time of Vesalius, and focused instead on representing anatomical details to make them helpful for medicine and surgery. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Hieronymus Fabricius ab Acquapendente, famous anatomist of the medical school of Padua, Italy, marked a further step not only in the morphological studies, but also in anatomical illustration and physiology. His researches were in...
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Hieronymus Fabricius ab Acquapendente, famous anatomist of the medical school of Padua, Italy, marked a further step not only in the morphological studies, but also in anatomical illustration and physiology. His researches were inspired by the work of Aristotle which was focused on the understanding of biological "functions" in an anatomo-comparative way. The anatomo-comparative approach of Fabrici allowed him to discover several specific features of human anatomy. His focusing on function marked the transition from a descriptive to a functional anatomy, paving the way to the birth of human physiology in the following century. To enhance the teaching and learning of anatomy, Fabrici realized the importance of the "dimension" and "color" of anatomical illustrations and introduced for first full-scale and colour painted plates. In this way, the images were closer to representing "living" parts, than previous black & white and low scale images. Moreover, Fabrici was the first to create an "anatomo-phisiological" image, namely the one representing the valves in the veins. His work was a fundamental inspiration for his students, in particular Gaspard Bauhin and William Harvey. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Eduard Pernkopf (1888-1955) became head of the Second Anatomical Institute in 1933, dean of the medical faculty in 1938 with the Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, and rector of the University of Vienna in 1943. He gained wo...
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Eduard Pernkopf (1888-1955) became head of the Second Anatomical Institute in 1933, dean of the medical faculty in 1938 with the Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, and rector of the University of Vienna in 1943. He gained worldwide recognition with his anatomical atlas, which many consider unequaled to this day. In the decades that followed, suspicion arose that the drawings were made using corpses of people who had been victims of Nazi persecution and, following international inquiries and critique, the University of Vienna appointed a historical commission to the matter. The commission published its results in 1998, concluding that anatomical specimens used for the illustrations in Pernkopf's atlas had in all likelihood been made using corpses of victims of the Nazi judicial system. In total, the Anatomical Institute received the corpses of at least 1377 executed people, including many members of the anti-Nazi resistance. Through the acquisition of Pernkopf's original publisher Urban & Schwarzenberg in 2003, the original drawings and the publishing rights went to Elsevier. While existing copies of Pernkopf s Anatomy remain in use, printing or licensing of the atlas or its illustrations were stopped in 1994, inducing an effective ban on publishing the illustrations in other contexts, for example in works dealing with history and ethics of anatomy. In December 2019, Elsevier donated the remaining original drawings and proofs to the Medical University of Vienna, ensuring that these returned to the institution where they originated. They are now part of the university's historical collections held at the Josephinum. Moreover, the transfer of the originals to Vienna ensures appropriate archiving and conservation, cataloging and digitization, as well as access to the illustrations for historical and related research.
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The study of human anatomy has long been inseparable from illustration, as the portrayal of the dissected body alongside a descriptive text supports the understanding of this complex topic. With the advent of new technologies, app...
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The study of human anatomy has long been inseparable from illustration, as the portrayal of the dissected body alongside a descriptive text supports the understanding of this complex topic. With the advent of new technologies, applications for revealing the details of the human body have increased to include Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanning, digital photography and videography, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. In addition, the distribution of the captured image has become widespread in both online teaching and in hard copy textbooks. While these digital images and applications are invaluable for online teaching, particularly during pandemics, anatomists must consider whether the use of the images and data derived from human bodies (either donor or unclaimed) is ethical, as it is not always clear whether permission has been obtained for their creation. Questions regarding the ethical sourcing and use of images will become more urgent as the utilization of electronic data becomes routine. Particularly concerning is the distribution of images and videos in the public domain on social media, where the context and link with education may be severed. Other considerations include respect for the privacy of the deceased, ownership of images, and commercialization. An initial question that should be posed is “Who is responsible for the oversight of digital and 3D printed models of bodies?” The ethical use of such images needs to be considered by the global anatomy community in order to ensure that anatomists do not retreat into the ethical mire of their forefathers.
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